Seawater
contains about _____ % dissolved substances.
Seawater
is normally _____.
The
pH of seawater is approximately _____.
The
pycnocline is the depth zone of rapid
_____ _____.
A
chain of volcanic, oceanic islands all about the same age, having the same level
of erosion, and making a slight arc would probably mean that _____
Pure
water absorbs _____ light the most rapidly.
The
water depth of the world’s oceans average about _____ km.
Approximately
_____ % of the surface of the Earth is covered by salt water.
_____
chemical bonds called _____ bonds form between the positively charged hydrogen
and negatively charged oxygens of adjacent water molecules.
Water
tends to stick to itself because of its ____________________.
Pure
water is at its densest at which temperature?
The
oxygen minimum zone generally falls to its lowest value at which depth?
What
is the largest plate?
Along
the edges of most continents are shallow undersea extensions of the land called
the _____, which gently grades from the shore to depths of several 100 m.
At
the outer edge of the continental shelf the bottom abruptly steepens.
This region is called the _____.
The
deep, flat bottom of the ocean floor is known as the _____.
Tom
and sally are trying to play catch on a merry-go-round that is rotating
counterclockwise. To these two, the
path of the ball will appear to _____ when they toss it.
Due
to the Coriolis effect, a water current moving in the northern hemisphere will
tend to _____ as it moves along its course.
When
water evaporates from the ocean, the water vapor is most like _____ water.
Organisms
that capture light energy and store it in the form of the chemical bonds of
organic materials are referred to as _____.
Organisms
that consume plants as food are referred to as _____.
Which
term refers to the total amount of living material in a trophic level at any
instant in time?
Boundary
zones between adjacent communities are known as _____.
The
change in composition of species within a community is referred to as _____.
The
final, persistent community achieved in a certain geographic region is referred
to as the _____ community, while any intermediate ones are called _____.
Free-swimming
larvae that must feed because they possess little yolk are called _____.
Nonswimming,
nonfeeding larvae that possess ample yolk are called _____.
Phytoplankton
comprise the _____ trophic level of marine food webs.
_____
is the term used to describe regions where one plate dives beneath another.
Waves
may be generated by _____.
The
_____ is the major north-to-south current in the North Pacific Ocean.
The
process where deep water is brought to the surface is called _____.
Species
possessing short life spans, rapid development tp reproduction, many
reproductive periods per year, and high death rates are called _____ species.
Communities
changing in an orderly process through modification of the environment is called
_____.
Any
species may colonize a site. When
succession proceeds because new species that are more tolerant of conditions or
are competitively superior move in, this is called _____.
When
species are not competitively superior to one another and succession proceeds
according to which species occupies a site first and then holds it, this is
called _____.
Organisms
that are free-swimming and live in the well-lighted region beyond the
continental shelf are said to live in the _____ zone.
Benthic
organisms that live in the trenches of the world’s oceans are said to live in
the _____ zone.
The
very long mountainous regions in the ocean floor often running down the center
of the world’s oceans are called the _____
What
phytoplankton constructs an external covering or shell composed of two halves of
silicon dioxide?
What
color of light reaches the greatest
depth in the ocean before being completely absorbed?
What
phytoplankton is responsible for the condition known as Red Tides?
What
phytoplankton possess bioluminescent species?
Radiolarians
are mostly closely related to what organism?
Foraminiferans
belong to what group?
Critical
depth is that depth at which total gross photosynthesis of phytoplankton in the
water column is _____.
The
greatest number of planktonic organisms is found in which phyla?
The
classes Thaliacea and Larvacea are planktonic, gelatinous, filter feeders of
phylum _____.
Langmuir
convection cells are produced only when wind speeds are in excess of _____
m/sec.
The
amount of _____ in the world’s oceans constitutes one of the largest reserves
of organic carbon on our planet.
Write
a statement that describes the following: When
the net 1o productivity is greater than zero.
The
compensation depth is that depth in the water column where _____.
The
dominant copepod of the North Atlantic Ocean Is _____.
_____
is the term used to describe all the factors relating to water that affect
phytoplankton production.
In
waters that are thermally stratified the upper water layer is _____ than the
lower layers.
_____
is an important proximal stimulus that initiates and controls diel vertical
migration of zooplankton.
What
type of organisms is considered to be the dominant group of the zooplankton
throughout the world’s oceans?
In
seawater the compensation depth for net community photosynthesis is the point at
which the rate of photosynthesis _____.
In
an ecosystem, as energy is passed from one trophic level ( food level ) to
another the amount of usable energy _____.
Red
Tides are caused by _______.
Consumption
of bacteria by heterotrophic nanoflagellates has been termed ( the ) _____.
Patches
of plankton can vary from a few meters to _____ in size.
_____
are masses of rotating water that have broken off from a larger ocean current
and have moved into another water mass.
Vertical
turbulence in the water column caused by frictional resistance generated when
water flows over the shallow continental shelf is called _____.
The
zone of rapid temperature decline with depth is known as the _____.
Every
vertebrate class except the _____ is represented in the nekton.
The
rete mirable is a small network of blood vessels that _______________.
Make
a list of fish that are holoepipelagic.
Make
a list of fish that are meroepipelagic.
What
structure is the gas absorptive organ of the physoclist gas bladder system?
During
the Cretaceous Period, which ended some 63 million years ago, the oceanic nekton
was comprised of ________________________________________.
Seals
achieve greater buoyancy by ______.
Salmon
migrating to their home stream appear to find that single stream by _____.
Baleen
is used in whales for __________.
What
is proportional to the amount of surface area in contact with water?
What
is proportional to the cross-sectional area of the object in contact with water?
What
is due to changes in speed and direction of water flow around the organisms?
What
kind of drag results from turbulence and must be overcome by a swimming marine
vertebrate?
If
a nektonic organism was colored dark blue of dark green it would be considered
an example of?
If
a nektonic organism was bicolored, dark above and light below, it would be
considered and example of ?
On
either side of a fish’s body the rows of small tubes containing sensory pits
that are open to the water are called _____.
The
large rounded forehead of the toothed whales is caused by the _____, which is
associated with echolocation.
In
sperm whales the melon reaches its greatest development and is called the _____.
Melon
in toothed whales functions primarily in which way?
The
current working theory that attempts to explain the phenomenon of mass
strandings of whales is_____.
The
ampullae of Lorenzini, a system present in sharks and rays, is able to detect
_____.
Diving
marine mammals show a marked slowing of their heartbeat during the dive.
This phenomenon is called _____.
The
base of the food chain for the Galapagos Rift and other marine hydrothermal
vents is _____.
Most
deep-water abyssal animals are members of what group?
The
transition zone between the well-lighted, upper waters and those to which no
sunlight reaches is termed the _____ zone.
Organisms
that live in the deep waters of the trenches occupy the _____ zone.
Pressure
increases approximately ____ atmospheres for each _____ meter in depth in the
water column.
The
region in the water column where temperature changes most rapidly is called the
_____.
The
oxygen minimum zone lies between about _____ and _____ m.
______
represents food to deep-sea animals only after acted upon by bacteria.
Deep-sea
communities near islands or continents have _____ food than those farther from
land.
What
materials are not directly accessible by animals and must be acted upon by
bacteria first. _____,_____,_____.
_____
_____ material may be eaten directly by animals but also is utilized by
bacteria.
Many
mesopelagic fish are _____.
Bioluminence
in mesopelagic animals can function as a _____
Organisms
that reproduce only once in their lifetime are called _____.
What
is the principle inorganic energy source for bacteria of hydrothermal vents?
What
worm completely lack a digestive system and obtain their energy from symbiotic
chemosynthetic bacteria that live in a special organ?
Vents
and cold seeps depend on primary production generated by _____.
The
life span of individual hydrothermal vents is on the order of _____.
What
organism is not part of the deep scattering layer?
Presence
of chemolithoautotrophic bacteria and vent animals _____ suggests that these
habitats may act as stepping stones between sulfide-based vent communities.
What
are not adaptations observed in mesopelagic animals?
A
parallel bottom community refers to ___________.
Exclusion
of one species from a shallow subtidal region due to the general activities of
another species ( not including predation ) is called _____.
A
member of the fauna which by its presence in the sediments helps to hold the
sediments in place is called _____.
What
scientist invented a sampler to collect samples of the infauna?
The
amount of light penetrating in the inshore water is usually _____ that of the
open ocean.
The
_____ fauna live on or upon the surface of the marine bottom.
The
zone between the lowest low-tide line and the continental shelf at 200 m is the
_____ zone.
Animals
that burrow through the substrata of the benthos make up the _____.
The
concept of parallel bottom communities was developed chiefly from the work o
what researcher?
Animals
that cause the sediments to shift, become resuspended, or otherwise change are
called _____.
Animals
that are exposed at the surface of the sediment and eat organisms from the
surface or just above it are called _____ predators.
Animals
that move down tubes or channels to attack their prey are _____ predators.
Animals
that excavate holes to get to their food are called _____ predators.
The
presence in the same general area of patches comprised of different groups of
organisms is referred to as _____.
Kelp
beds and forests form throughout the world in _____ with _____ bottoms.
The
exclusion of organisms by modification of the environment by another organism is
called _____ _____ _____.
_____ _____ are those animals that live within the sediments at all times burrowing through them to find their prey.
What
is the major sea that does not experience tidal action?
What
term is used to describe a tidal cycle with a single high and low per day?
What
term is used to describe a tidal cycle having two highs and lows of about the
same size per day?
What
term is used to describe a tidal cycle having two high and low tides of unequal
height per day?
Barnacles
attach to hard substrata by what method?
What
organisms avoid the mechanical stress of wave action by permanently attaching
themselves to hard strata?
What
is a strategy frequently absent from intertidal animals?
The
_____ describes zonation along rocky shores composed of three main divisions,
known as supralittoral, midlittoral, and infralittoral.
Points
along the vertical profile of a shore exhibiting pronounced increases in
exposure time ( time spent out of the water ) over short distances are called
_____ _____ _____ .
What
does not appear to be an important biotic controlling factor of zonation in the
rocky intertidal?
In
the rocky intertidal zone what resource is in limited supply?
What
is a keystone species of the rocky intertidal of the Pacific Northwest?
What
features are and adaptation by algae that reduces grazing pressure?
What
organisms occurs in large clumps of genetically identical individuals ( clones
)?
The
creation of open bare patches in any zone of the rocky intertidal results in
rapid colonization by _____ species.
What
features are the major contributors to zonation in sandy beaches?
What
occurs in the redox potential discontinuity layer?
What
compound is the most oxidized?
In
anaerobic respiration the final hydrogen-electron ( H+ / e- ) acceptor may be
one of many molecules. Name them.
The
Eh value of an anoxic mud would most likely be between ____________ mV.
As
one proceeds from an oxidized zone through the RPD layer and into the anoxic
xone the color of the mud changes from _____ to _____ to _____.
The
major predators on mud flats are _____ and _____.
A
central theme in marine ecology is that whenever predation is reduced
_________________________.
An
osmoconforming organism is one in which
______________________________________________________.
The
Earth and Moon form an orbiting system, revolving around
__________________________________________.
A
satellite is at its closet point to the planet it orbits; this position is
called _____.
A
group of genetically identical sea anemones comprise of _____.
A
rapid decrease in oxygen concentration within a muddy sediment leads to a
________________________________.
Highly
specialized tentacles in sea anemones are called _____.
Light
rarely penetrates below 5 – 15 _____ into the sediments.
List
the phyla members of the interstitial fauna.
Endobenthic
organisms are meiofaunal-sized animals that move and displace the ___ __ __
_____ __ __ _____.
Besides
water, what is the most important environmental factor influencing the presence
or absence of interstitial organisms?
List
bodies of water that would be classified as an estuary.
List
a coastal plain estuary.
Give
examples of a tectonic estuary.
An
isohaline is
_________________________________________________________________________.
One
organism that lives in riverine-estuary environments and then migrates to the
open ocean to release its larvae is the _____ ______.
If
sand bars help to form an estuary by cutting off a shallow bay the resulting
estuary is called _____ _____.
Estuaries
where freshwater input is low and evaporation is high are known as _____.
Estuaries
open to the sea only during a marked wet period are called _____ _____.
In
the Chesapeake Bay estuary surface isohaline are
______________________________________________________.
Salt
marsh primary productivity seems to be limited by what nutrient?
The
amount of time it takes for a given volume of freshwater to discharge from an
estuary is called the _____ time.
Marine
organisms that are unable to
tolerate much change in salinity are called _____.
What
specialized tissue found in estuarine plants bring oxygen to the roots?
The
_____ estuary is dominated by extensive mud flats with few plants, but large
populations of benthic diatoms.
The
_____ estuary is dominated by extensive stands of the seagrass Spartina;
this type of estuary produces extra carbon that flows on currents to the
surrounding communities.
Some
salt marsh plants possess chemical defenses of _____ compounds.
Halophytes
are plants capable of growing in soils
_______________________________________________________.
An
estuary is define as
___________________________________________________________________________.
The
ability to control the concentration of salts or water in internal body fluids
is called _________.
To
control the osmotic concentration of their internal fluids, certain crustaceans
use _____ _____ _____.
List
the four fauna types in estuaries.
Plants
rid themselves of excessive salt by using a variety of mechanisms.
List those mechanisms.
To
which taxonomic group do the non-reef-forming corals belong?
What
organisms are corals most closely related?
Coral
polyps occupy small cups called _____ in a massive calcium carbonate skeleton.
The
bladelike structures of the corallite are called _____.
Cnidocytes
possess small stinging capsules called _____ that are used by the corals to
capture zooplankton food.
Coral
reefs that resemble a ring that rise out of deep water far from land are known
as _____.
_____
reefs occur near land, with a channel of water between the reef and the land.
Coral
reefs are about _____ times more productive than the open tropic seas.
The
amount of plankton available to corals would be sufficient to meet about ___ %
of their total energy needs.
What
term provide as a correct description for an increase in colony size?
What
term in the biological process that results in a planula larva?
What
organism is a member of the so-called crytofauna?
The
response of some corals to aggression by neighbors is to produce very long
tentacles called _____ tentacles; these possess powerful batteries of
nematocysts.
The
dominant organisms of coral reefs are _____.
The
term _____ describes those tropical and subtropical inshore ecosystems that are
dominate by trees that grow in salt water.
Sexual
reproduction in mangroves is by _____ _____.
In
mangroves the structures sent up above the surface by shallow roots are called
_____.
An
organism from what taxonomic damages mangrove roots by boring into them.
According
to Davis ( 1940 0 the first seral stage in mangrove succession is established by
what species?
What
factor or organisms produces no damage to mangals?
Coral
reefs are unique among major marine associations because
___________________________________________.
Zooxanthellae
are symbiotic _____ living in corals.
The
most accepted theory as to the origin of atolls is called ____
_____ _____.
What
is a serious disease caused by eating tropical fishes with toxins in the body?
When
comparing the production of coral reefs to offshore tropical waters, we find
that the coral reefs are _____ productive.
How
does water and debris leave a coral reef?
Reefs
in the Atlantic rest on shallow platforms which are the result of the erosion
that took place in the _________.
Small,
colonial, encrusting invertebrates such as sponges, brachiopods, and tunicates
that occupy the undersides of coral heads and cliffs comprise a group called the
_____.
A
specialized form of predation practiced by certain small fish and some shrimps
in which ectoparasites are removed from larger fish is known as _____ _____.
Acanthaster
planci
is a _____ noted for its ability to destroy whole coral colonies.
Mangroves
are _____ _____.
A
catastrophic coral mortality as coral bleaching results when coral
_________________________________________.
The
_____ attempts to explain the high species diversity of coral reef fishes by
noting that these fish producing many offspring of any species depends on
chance.
The
algal ridge is coral free because
__________________________________________________________________.
Find
figure 9.20 in your textbook and study it thoroughly.
The
dinoflagellates and diatoms that have symbiotic relationships with invertebrates
are called _____.
Many
tube-dwelling commensal invertebrates exhibit a strong _____.
Algal
symbiosis, whether cellular or chloroplast, occurs in what invertebrate phyla?
Commensal
invertebrates that live on other invertebrates are called _____.
Commensal
invertebrates that live inside other animals are called _____.
Symbiotic
relationships between luminescent bacteria and marine animals are generally
confined to the group called _____.
Certain
fish are able to live among anemones because
___________________________________________________.
_____
refers to symbiotic association in which one member gains and advantage without
harming or benefiting the other.
A
symbiotic association in which both members require the association and both
gain an advantage is called _____.
A
symbiotic association in which one member gains an advantage at the expense of
the other is called _____.
Herring,
anchovies, and anchovetas are commonly known as _____.
The
character in John Steinbeck’s novel Cannery Row was probably
based on what individual?
How
many Exxon captains does it take to pilot a tanker through the inner passage of
Alaska?
Dumping
mercury into a bay along the coast of Japan led to the permanent neurological
disorder called _____ disease.
A
hypothectical radioisotope with a half-life of 22 years is to be disposed of in
a storage facility. How many years
must pass before this material is considered safe?
What
chemical is a natural shark repellent?
What
is the largest number of fishes that can be harvested on a continuing basis
without depleting the stocks?
In
attempting to track the total amount of carbon ( as CO2 ) added to the
atmosphere each year, scientists are using _____ as a distinctive tag.
Humans
dump _____ into the world’s oceans. (
several answers )
The
current standard fishing and economic zone for all coastal nations is _____
miles.
The
disease known as Minamata disease was found to be the caused by what pollutant?
How
has DDT seriously reduce the population of marine birds?
By
international agreement, what kinds of radioactive wastes are presently
permitted to be dumped in the oceans?
Lost
fishing gear continues to fish even though no longer being tended.
This is called _____.
Catching
fish that you are not interested in is known as _____.